The traditional explanation of the initial genetic code in life seems less established when ancient proteins seem to be ...

Scientists have long believed that a universal genetic code serves as a blueprint for all life on Earth, dictating the structure and function of organisms from the simplest bacteria to complex humans.

Life runs on instructions you never see. Every cell reads DNA, turns that message into RNA, and then builds proteins that ...

The genetic code is the recipe for life, and provides the instructions for how to make proteins, generally using just 20 amino acids. But certain groups of microbes have an expanded genetic code, in ...

One of modern biologists' most ambitious goals is to learn how to expand or otherwise modify the genetic code of life on Earth, in order to make new, artificial life forms. Part of the motivation for ...

The genetic code appeared on Earth at the origin of life, and the codes of culture arrived almost four billion years later. For a long time it has been assumed that these are the only codes that exist ...

The Genetic Frontier: how gene editing and synthetic biology are redefining what it means to be human delves into the controversies of ‘de-extinction,’ the resurgence of eugenics, the threat of ...